A SUSTAINABLE MATERIAL FOR FOOTWEAR INDUSTRY: DESIGNING BIO-DEGRADABLE SHOES

• The article deals with the topic of sustainable behaviour and materials used in footwear manufacturing.
• It is found that footwear made from Malai and Piňatex, outsoles from 3D printed material is durable in country with higher humidity and better softness in bend.

Table 1. The major pollutants in the footwear industry by Abbot a Wilfort

Footwear Materials	Environmental Pollutants
Leather	Chromium, Aldehydes, Solvents
Synthetic Materials	Solvents, VOCs
Textiles	Process Chemicals, Biocides
Rubbers	Rubber Fume
PVC	Vinyl Chloride Monomer Cadmium, Plasticisers
Polystyrene	Styrene Monomer
Polyurethane	Isocyanates, (CFCs)
Adhesives	Solvents, VOCs, Chlorine

Table 2. Biodegradable materials possibilities for footwear industry

Name of the biodegradable material	Primary raw material	PLA content
Pifiatex	pineapple fiber	Yes
Algiknit	biopolymer from seaweed	No
Malai	coconut water, bacterial cellulose, nature fibers	No
Nuatan	bioplastics	Yes
Flax	flax	Yes
MycoWorks	mycelium	No
Bloomfoam	algae	Yes
Vegetable tanned leather	animal skin	Yes

DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF FIRE-RESISTANT BIODEGRADABLE SHOES

Simulations show that a sole of the shoe manufactured using wood as the material has less total deformation compared to that of Rubber. The manufacturing cost of the shoe is drastically reduced by the usage of wood as the material compared to other materials.

Table 1. Material under consideration

Material	Young’s modulus [GPa]	Tensile strength (MPa)	Flexural strength (MPa)
Abaca	4)	500-700	40.24
Pineapple leaf	127	6.51	21
Steam corn	95.8	74	17.4
Bamboo	5-25	100-800	76.5
Coconut shell	856	30.6	46.5
Flax	60	345-1035	43
Hemp	30-60	400-938	54

Hence the manufacturers found the amalgamation of science and Vedas.

Bio-degradable Footwear in Market

Balena a material science company, has stepped out in the field of Bio-degradable footwear made up of circulated industrial or local compost. Its proprietary “BioCir” 100% is a compostable, durable, soft, flexible, and smooth plastic which makes it a perfect alternative for current polluting shoe material. This product is protected under US11485849B2 patent.

Reebok has enter into bio-degradable shoes market, which mainly used components derived from eucalyptus, algae, and castor beans.

Graphs are the pictorial definitions of the huge text data that makes the data easy to understand.

Graphs created using the data derived from the patent records.

Two graphs show the variety of numbers in patents filed on the element of the shoe and the number of patents filed in specific priority years

The graph “Specification Vs Patent count” elaborates the number of patents filed on various elements/parts of shoe like shoe vamp, shoe covers, etc.

The Pie Graph “Priority Years Vs Patent filings” shows the number of patents filed in Priority years from 2012-2021.

CONCLUSION:

• There are lots of companies working in the area  of Bio-degradable material or Bio-plastic material which are used in Shoe or footwear manufacturing.
• Companies like Reebok, Balena, Blueview, are also now emerging with their Bio-degradable footwear range.
• Bioplastic materials are used for making various aspects of a shoe or footwear like vamp, heel, covering, or the whole footwear itself.
• Natural and renewable or easily bio-degradable leather substitute materials like bacterial cellulose (BC), Polyolefins (bio -PE or bio -PP), polyesters (bio – PET, PLA or BOPLA, PEF, PHB, PBAT, PBS, PBSA) are used in shoe making. These footwear are durable.
• It could be concluded that Bio-degradable Shoe or Use of Bio-plastic in footwear industry is not only booming in with fashionable and customized footwear but also looking forward to More Greener and Cleaner Environment.
• Active companies are inclined towards providing a fashion-wear along with appropriate material.